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Suggested Education for Future AGI Researchers
Temple University, Philadelphia, USA
[Last Update: June 2, 2013]
The following list is a partial education plan for students interested in
the research of Artificial
General Intelligence. It includes materials for roughly 30 one-semester
courses.
Notes:
- The opinions expressed here are highly personal. Not only are the topics
and reading materials selected according to my opinion, but also there are
my own works included wherever relevant (they are distinguished from the
others using square brackets).
- This list is not intended to cover all relevant topics, but what I think
as the most important. Some crucial decisions are on what NOT to include,
as well as on how to allocate time among the topics. Therefore, adding new
topics into the list is not always a good idea.
Introductory Readings
The following materials can be read by anyone with a high-school education.
A. Undergraduate-level Coursework
Each of the following topic can be covered by a one-semester undergraduate
course, with the recommended textbook.
- Discrete Mathematics
Discrete
Mathematics and Its Applications, 7/E, Kenneth Rosen
- Probability and Statistics
A
Modern Introduction to Probability and Statistics, 2/E, Dekking et
al.
- Computer Programming
Java
How to Program, 7/E, Deitel & Associates
- Data Structure and Algorithms
Data
Structures and Algorithm Analysis in Java, 2/E, Mark Allen Weiss
- Operating System
Operating System Concepts, 9/E, Avi
Silberschatz et al.
- Cognitive Psychology
Cognitive
Psychology, 4/E, Douglas Medin et al.
- Cognitive Neuroscience
Cognition,
Brain, and Consciousness, Bernard J. Baars, Nicole M. Gage
- Language and Cognition
Psycholinguistics,
2/E, Jean Berko Gleason, Nan Bernstein Ratner
- Theory of Knowledge
Epistemology,
Richard Feldman
- Artificial Intelligence
Artificial
Intelligence: Structures and Strategies for Complex Problem Solving,
6/E, George F. Luger
B. Graduate-level Study
Each of the following topic can be covered by a one-semester graduate course
(or upper-division undergraduate course), with the recommended textbook.
- Theoretical Computer Science
Introduction to
Automata Theory, Languages, and Computation, 3/E, John E. Hopcroft,
Rajeev Motwani, Jeffrey D. Ullman
- Reasoning Under Uncertainty
Readings in Uncertain
Reasoning, Glenn Shafer, Judea Pearl
- Machine Learning
Machine
Learning, Thomas Mitchell
- Philosophical Logic
Philosophy
of Logics, Susan Haack
- Decision Theory
Rationality
in Action: Contemporary Approaches, Paul K. Moser
- Categorization
Concepts:
Core Readings, Eric Margolis, Stephen Laurence
- Perception and Action
Sensorimotor
Foundations of Higher Cognition, Patrick Haggard, Yves Rossetti, Mitsuo
Kawato
- Memory
Human Memory: Theory And
Practice, A.D. Baddeley
- Developmental Psychology
Theories
of Developmental Psychology, 4/E, Patricia A. Miller
- Philosophy of Science
Philosophy
of Science: The Central Issues, 2/E, J. A. Cover, Martin Curd
C. Readings on Advanced Topics
Each of the following topic can be covered in a half-semester graduate seminar,
using the listed materials.
- Research goal(s) of AI
From here to
Human-Level AI, John McCarthy
Human-level
artificial intelligence? Be serious!, Nils J. Nilsson
(AA)AI: more
than the sum of its parts, Ronald J. Brachman
Universal Intelligence: A
Definition of Machine Intelligence, Shane Legg, Marcus Hutter
[What
Do You Mean by "AI"?, Pei Wang]
- Limitation of AI
Minds, machines and
Gödel, J. R. Lucas
What
Computers Can't Do, Hubert L. Dreyfus
Minds, Brains, and
Programs, John R. Searle
The Emperor's New
Mind, Roger Penrose
[Three
Fundamental Misconceptions of Artificial Intelligence, Pei Wang]
- Symbolic vs. connectionist AI
Computer Science
as Empirical Inquiry: Symbols and Search, Allen Newell, Herbert A.
Simon
Waking
Up From the Boolean Dream, or, Subcognition as Computation, Douglas
Hofstadter
On
the proper treatment of connectionism, Paul Smolensky
Connectionism and
Cognitive Architecture: a Critical Analysis, Jerry A. Fodor, Zenon W.
Pylyshyn
[Artificial
General Intelligence and Classical Neural Network, Pei Wang]
- Analog models
Cybernetics,
or the Control and Communication in the Animal and the Machine, Norbert
Wiener
Dynamics
and Cognition, Timothy van Gelder
Neural
Networks and Analog Computation: Beyond the Turing Limit, Hava T.
Siegelmann
- Non-classical computation
Thinking
may be more than computing, Peter Kugel
Approximate
Reasoning Using Anytime Algorithms, Shlomo Zilberstein
Turing's Ideas
and Models of Computation, Eugene Eberbach, Dina Goldin, Peter
Wegner
[Case-by-case
Problem Solving, Pei Wang]
- Credit assignment and resource allocation
Principles
of Meta-Reasoning, Stuart Russell, Eric Wefald
Manifesto for an
Evolutionary Economics of Intelligence, Eric B. Baum
Properties of the
Bucket Brigade, John Holland
The
Parallel Terraced Scan: An Optimization For An Agent-Oriented
Architecture, John Rehling, Douglas Hostadter
[Problem-Solving
under Insufficient Resources, Pei Wang]
- Term logics
Term logic,
Wikipedia
An
Invitation to Formal Reasoning: The Logic of Terms, Frederic Sommers,
George Englebretsen
[Unified
Inference in Extended Syllogism, Pei Wang]
- Uncertain probabilities
Towards
a unified theory of imprecise probability, Peter Walley
Probabilistic
Logic Networks, Ben Goertzel et al.
[Confidence
as Higher-Order Uncertainty, Pei Wang]
- Non-Tarskian semantics
Holism,
Conceptual-Role Semantics, and Syntactic Semantics, William J.
Rapaport
Logic
without Model Theory, Robert Kowalski
Contentful
Mental States for Robot Baby, Paul R. Cohen et al.
Procedural
semantics, Philip N. Johnson-Laird
[Experience-Grounded
Semantics: A theory for intelligent systems, Pei Wang]
- Cognitive linguistics
Cognitive
Linguistics: Basic Readings, Dirk Geeraerts
Language,
Thought, and Logic, John M. Ellis
- Analogy and metaphor
The
Analogical Mind, Dedre Gentner, Keith J. Holyoak, Boicho K. Kokinov
Fluid
Concepts and Creative Analogies, Douglas Hofstadter, FARG
Metaphors
We Live By, George Lakoff, Mark Johnson
Case-Based
Reasoning: Experiences, Lessons, & Future Directions, David B.
Leake
[Analogy
in a general-purpose reasoning system, Pei Wang]
- Embodied and situated cognition
Intelligence
without representation, Rodney A. Brooks
How
the Body Shapes the Way We Think: A New View of Intelligence, Rolf
Pfeifer, Josh C. Bongard
The
symbol grounding problem, Stevan Harnad
Perceptual
symbol systems, Lawrence W. Barsalou
The
Ecological Approach to Visual Perception, James J. Gibson
[Embodiment:
Does a laptop have a body?, Pei Wang]
- Animal cognition
The
Principles of Learning and Behavior, Michael Domjan
Animal
Minds: Beyond Cognition to Consciousness, Donald R. Griffin
The Thinking
Ape: Evolutionary Origins of Intelligence, Richard Byrne
- Agent and multi-agent system
The
Society of Mind, Marvin Minsky
Agent
Technology: Foundations, Applications, and Markets, Nicholas R.
Jennings, Michael J. Wooldridge
Multiagent
Systems: A Modern Approach to Distributed Artificial Intelligence,
Gerhard Weiss
- Robotics
An
Introduction to AI Robotics, Robin R. Murphy
Prospects
for Human Level Intelligence for Humanoid Robots, Rodney A. Brooks
Autonomous Mental
Development by Robots and Animals, Juyang Weng et al.
- Reasoning about change
Robot's
Dilemma Revisited: The Frame Problem in Artificial Intelligence, Zenon
W. Pylyshyn
Some
Philosophical Problems from the Standpoint of Artificial Intelligence,
John McCarthy, Patrick J. Hayes
Reasoning
about plans, James F. Allen et al.
Processes and
Causality, John F. Sowa
- Motivation and emotion
Human
Motivation, David C. McClelland
The Functional
Autonomy of Motives, Gordon W. Allport
The
Emotion Machine: Commonsense Thinking, Artificial Intelligence, and the
Future of the Human Mind, Marvin Minsky
Who Needs
Emotions?: The Brain Meets the Robot, Jean-Marc Fellous, Michael A.
Arbib
- Self
I
Am a Strange Loop, Douglas R. Hofstadter
A
Cognitive Theory of Consciousness, Bernard Baars
Metacognition
in computation: A selected research review, Michael T. Cox
- Cognitive architecture
Unified
Theories of Cognition, Allen Newell
An Integrated
Theory of the Mind, John R. Anderson, et al.
- Contemporary AGI research
Conferences
Collections: 2007
, 2012
Journal: JAGI
[Rigid
Flexibility: The Logic of Intelligence, Pei Wang]
Alternative Approaches
Representative Artificial Intelligence and Cognitive Science Programs and
Curricula:
- Carnegie Mellon University, Artificial Intelligence
Courses
- Carnegie Mellon University, Ph.D. in
Machine Learning
- Iowa State University, Courses in
Artificial Intelligence
- University of Edinburgh, BSc in
Artificial Intelligence & Computer Science
- University of California, San Diego, Cognitive
Science, Undergraduate Courses
- University of California, San Diego, Cognitive
Science, Graduate Courses
- Indiana University, Cognitive Science,
Undergraduate Courses
- Indiana University, Cognitive
Science, Graduate Courses
- Indiana University, Cognitive
Science, Cross-Listed Courses